Health and environmental impacts of pyrethroid insecticides: What we know, what we don’t know and what we should do about it

..................................................................................................................................................... 5 Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................. 7 History and registration........................................................................................................................... 7 Physico-chemical characteristics ............................................................................................................ 7 Mode of action ........................................................................................................................................ 8 Domestic uses ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Agricultural uses ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Exposure ................................................................................................................................................. 9 Acceptable exposure ............................................................................................................................... 9 Enhanced sensitivity of children ........................................................................................................... 10 Poisoning symptoms ............................................................................................................................. 10 Environmental occurrence and persistence ........................................................................................... 11 Toxicity to non-target organisms .......................................................................................................... 12 Cumulative risk assessment .................................................................................................................. 12 Registration review ............................................................................................................................... 13 Scientific Literature Review ................................................................................................................... 14 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 14 Chemistry: Classes, co-formulants ....................................................................................................... 19 Mode of action ...................................................................................................................................... 20 Domestic uses ....................................................................................................................................... 21 Agricultural uses ................................................................................................................................... 24 Physico-chemistry ................................................................................................................................. 26